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Mattawoman Creek is a 〔U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. (The National Map ), accessed August 15, 2011〕 coastal-plain tributary to the tidal Potomac River with a mouth at Indian Head, Maryland, downstream of Washington, D.C. It comprises a river flowing through Prince George's and Charles counties and a tidal-freshwater estuary in Charles County. About three-fourths of its watershed lies in Charles County, with the remainder in Prince George's County immediately to the north. Mattawoman appears on Capt. John Smith's circa-1608 map as ''Mataughquamend'', an Algonquian compound translated as “where one goes pleasantly.”〔Kenny Hammil, ''The Place Names of Maryland'', Baltimore, MD: Maryland Historical Society, 1984. ISBN 0-938420-28-3.〕 Today, Mattawoman Creek is listed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as impaired under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act for excess nutrients, sediment, and loss of living resources.〔( ''Total Maximum Daily Loads of Nitrogen and Phosphorus for Mattawoman Creek in Charles County and Prince George’s County, Maryland'', Maryland Dept. Env., 2004 )〕〔(Environmental Protection Agency letter approving the Maryland Department of the Environment’s Total Maximum Daily Loads for nutrients. )〕 At the same time, because it is the southernmost Potomac River freshwater estuary in Maryland,〔Alice J. Lippson et al.,. ''Environmental Atlas of the Potomac Estuary '', Environmental Center, Martin Marietta Corp., prepared for Maryland Dept. Nat. Res., 1979.〕 Mattawoman has escaped much of the degradation associated with urbanization spreading from Washington, D.C. It retains noteworthy biodiversity. Assessments of fish communities throughout the Chesapeake Bay system by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources find the Mattawoman estuary to be the most productive of sampled tributaries for migratory fish.〔(J. Carmichael ''et al.'', ''Fish Sampling in Eight Chesapeake Bay Tributaries'', Maryland Dept. Nat. Res., Chesapeake Bay Research and Monitoring Div., 1992. Report CBRM-HI-92-2. )〕 Especially abundant are anadromous alewife, blueback herring and American shad and semi-anadromous white and yellow perch. The largemouth bass, a resident gamefish that supports an active recreational fishery in the tidal freshwater Potomac River and its tributaries, also achieves high concentrations in the estuary.〔( Ken Penrod guides )〕〔K. Penrod, '' Ken Penrod’s Tidal Potomac River Fishing Bible'', PPC Publishing, Beltsville, MD, 1992.〕〔L. Fewless, ''Statewide Fisheries Survey and Management Study V: Investigations of largemouth bass populations inhabiting Maryland's tidal waters '', Maryland DNR, Freshwater Fisheries Division, 1996. Report F-48-R.〕 On the basis of fish assessments, Maryland fisheries biologists have concluded that〔 “Mattawoman represents as near to ideal conditions as can be found in the northern Chesapeake Bay, perhaps unattainable in other systems, and should be protected from overdevelopment.” The estuary supports extensive freshwater tidal marshes that are partially protected as Maryland Wildlands and as Natural Environment Areas. Palustrine wetlands are concentrated in the broad stream valley of the fluvial reaches, where a site with the greatest species richness of amphibians and reptiles in Maryland has been identified by the Department of Natural Resources.〔( ''Maryland Biological Stream Survey 2000-2004, Vol IX, Aquatic Biodiversity'' ), Maryland Dept. of Nat. Res., July 2005. Report CBWP-MANTA-EA-05-6.〕 Mattawoman drains the town of Indian Head, the town of Bryans Road, and most of Waldorf, the largest community in Charles County. Its watershed remains over 50% forested but is approaching a 10% impervious cover,〔(''Mattawoman Creek Watershed Management Plan,'' U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District. )〕 often cited as a threshold for significant degradation as measured by water quality and species diversity.〔(Chesapeake Stormwater Network Bulletin No. 3 )〕 Continued loss of forest and increases in impervious cover are anticipated,〔 as most of the watershed in Charles County falls within a designated development district, which at about 〔(Charles County Government: Planning and Growth Management )〕 (214 km2) is larger than Washington D.C. (61 square miles; 158 km2). With respect to projected growth, the Mattawoman Creek Watershed Management Plan authored by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers notes that〔 “()hese intense development practices would have severe repercussions on the biological community and would decrease the habitat quality within the estuary.” The quality of Mattawoman’s living resources are acknowledged by Charles County government,〔( Charles County Government: Mattawoman Creek )〕 while the juxtaposition of high quality and high vulnerability to development are recognized by state〔(Maryland Clean Water Action Plan, 1998. )〕 and federal agencies.〔 For example, the Mattawoman Creek Watershed Management Plan states:〔 “The Mattawoman Creek represents an important natural resource, with a diverse network of forests, tributaries, and wetlands, providing tremendous fish and wildlife habitat. The ecological integrity of the Mattawoman is at risk from current and future development pressures within the watershed.”The juxtaposition of value and vulnerability has caused the creek and its watershed to become a focal point for regional〔(Chesapeake Bay Foundation )〕〔(Washington Smart Growth Alliance, Regional Conservation Priorities 2007. )〕 and local〔(Smarter Growth Alliance for Charles County )〕〔(Mattawoman Watershed Society )〕 conservation organizations that work to restore the Chesapeake Bay in the face of growing urbanization, which studies find contribute to the decline of the Bay.〔(''Development growth outpacing progress in watershed efforts to restore the Chesapeake Bay'' ), Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007. Rpt. #2007-P-00031.〕 Proposals for two four-lane highways that would cross the fluvial stream, and the expected attendant development, have generated debate. The first, the Western Waldorf Bypass, is one of three alternatives being considered by state and federal agencies for the U.S. 301 Waldorf-Area Transportation Improvements Project.〔(U.S. 301 Waldorf Area Transportation Improvements )〕 This highway would divide lengthwise about one-half of the Mattawoman watershed. The second, for which controversial〔( “Cross County Connector Center of Lengthy and Heated Hearing,” ) Pete Hurrey, '' TheBayNet.com'', Aug. 1, 2008〕 wetlands permit applications have been submitted, is a proposed extension of Charles County’s Cross County Connector, which would cross the width of the watershed. ==Variant names== According to the Geographic Names Information System, Mattawoman Creek has also been known by the following names. *Mataughquamend 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mattawoman Creek」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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